Art Institute of Chicago Art Institute of Chicago 1920s

Art museum and school in Chicago, United States

Fine art Institute of Chicago

As seen from Michigan Ave
Location within Chicago metropolitan area Testify map of Chicago metropolitan area Art Establish of Chicago (Illinois) Show map of Illinois Art Institute of Chicago (the United States) Prove map of the United States
Established	1879; in nowadays location since 1893
Location	111 South Michigan Artery Chicago, Illinois 60603 USA
Coordinates	41°52′46″N 87°37′26″W  /  41.87944°Northward 87.62389°Westward  / 41.87944; -87.62389 Coordinates: 41°52′46″N 87°37′26″Westward  /  41.87944°Northward 87.62389°Due west  / 41.87944; -87.62389
Collection size	300,000 works
Visitors	1.79 million (2016)[one] 365,660 (2020) (drop due to COVID-19 pandemic closures)[2]
Director	James Rondeau
Public transit access	CTA Charabanc routes: (half dozen and 28 line) 'L' and Subway stations: Adams-Wabash: Brown Line Greenish Line Orangish Line Pink Line Regal Line Monroe/State: Red Line Monroe/Dearborn: Blue Line Metra Train: Van Buren Street Station
Website	www.artic.edu

The Art Constitute of Chicago in Chicago's Grant Park, founded in 1879, is one of the oldest and largest fine art museums in the world. Recognized for its curatorial efforts and popularity amidst visitors, the museum hosts approximately one.5 million people annually.^[3] Its drove, stewarded past eleven curatorial departments, is encyclopedic, and includes iconic works such every bit Georges Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Pablo Picasso's The Sometime Guitarist, Edward Hopper's Nighthawks, and Grant Wood's American Gothic. Its permanent drove of nearly 300,000 works of art is augmented past more 30 special exhibitions mounted yearly that illuminate aspects of the collection and nowadays cutting-border curatorial and scientific inquiry.

As a research institution, the Art Found also has a conservation and conservation scientific discipline department, five conservation laboratories, and i of the largest art history and architecture libraries in the land—the Ryerson and Burnham Libraries.

The growth of the drove has warranted several additions to the museum's 1893 building, which was synthetic for the Globe'south Columbian Exposition. The nigh recent expansion, the Modern Fly designed by Renzo Piano, opened in 2009 and increased the museum'south footprint to nearly ane million square feet, making it the second-largest fine art museum in the Us, subsequently the Metropolitan Museum of Art.^[four] The Art Constitute is associated with the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, a leading fine art school, making it one of the few remaining unified arts institutions in the United States.

In 2017, the Fine art Plant received i,619,316 visitors, and was the 35th most-visited art museum in the earth.^[5] However, in 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the museum was airtight for 169 days, and attendance plunged by 78 percent from 2019, to 365,660.^[six]

History [edit]

In 1866, a group of 35 artists founded the Chicago Academy of Design in a studio on Dearborn Street, with the intent to run a gratuitous schoolhouse with its own art gallery. The organization was modeled after European fine art academies, such as the Royal Academy, with Academicians and Associate Academicians. The University's charter was granted in March 1867.

Classes started in 1868, meeting every day at a cost of $10 per calendar month. The Academy's success enabled it to build a new home for the schoolhouse, a five-story stone building on 66 West Adams Street, which opened on November 22, 1870.

When the Great Chicago Fire destroyed the building in 1871 the University was thrown into debt. Attempts to continue despite the loss by using rented facilities failed. Past 1878, the University was $10,000 in debt. Members tried to rescue the ailing institution by making deals with local businessmen, before some finally abandoned information technology in 1879 to establish a new system, named the Chicago University of Fine Arts. When the Chicago University of Design went broke the aforementioned year, the new Chicago University of Fine Arts bought its assets at auction.

This 1893 sketch of the then new Art Plant of Chicago shows near of today'south Grant Park still submerged under Lake Michigan, with the railroad tracks running forth the shoreline behind the Museum

In 1882, the Chicago University of Fine Arts changed its name to the current Fine art Institute of Chicago and elected as its first president the banker and philanthropist Charles 50. Hutchinson, who "is arguably the single most important private to have shaped the direction and fortunes of the Fine art Establish of Chicago".^{[7] : 5} Hutchinson was a director of many prominent Chicago organizations, including the University of Chicago,^[8] and would transform the Art Found into a globe-class museum during his presidency, which he held until his death in 1924.^[9] Also in 1882, the organization purchased a lot on the southwest corner of Michigan Avenue and Van Buren Street for $45,000. The existing commercial building on that holding was used for the organization's headquarters, and a new improver was constructed behind it to provide gallery space and to house the school'south facilities.^{[7] : xix} By January 1885 the trustees recognized the demand to provide additional space for the organization'southward growing collection, and to this terminate purchased the vacant lot directly southward on Michigan Avenue. The commercial edifice was demolished,^[ten] and the noted architect John Wellborn Root was hired past Hutchinson to design a building that would create an "impressive presence" on Michigan Avenue,^{[vii] : 22–23} and these facilities opened to great fanfare in 1887.^{[7] : 24}

With the annunciation of the Earth'due south Columbian Exposition to be held in 1892–93, the Art Institute pressed for a building on the lakefront to be synthetic for the off-white, simply to be used by the Institute afterward. The metropolis agreed, and the building was completed in fourth dimension for the 2nd yr of the fair. Structure costs were met by selling the Michigan/Van Buren property. On Oct 31, 1893, the Constitute moved into the new building. For the opening reception on December 8, 1893, Theodore Thomas and the Chicago Symphony Orchestra performed.

From the early 1900s (to the 1960s the school offered with the Logan Family unit (members of the board) the Logan Medal of the Arts, an award which became one of the most distinguished awards presented to artists in the US. Between 1959 and 1970, the institute was a key site in the battle to gain art and documentary photography a identify in galleries, nether curator Hugh Edwards and his assistants.

As Director of the museum starting in the early 1980s, James Due north. Wood conducted a major expansion of its collection and oversaw a major renovation and expansion projection for its facilities. Every bit "one of the most respected museum leaders in the state", as described past The New York Times, Wood created major exhibitions of works by Paul Gauguin, Claude Monet and Vincent van Gogh that set records for attendance at the museum. He retired from the museum in 2004.^[11]

The Establish began structure of "The Modernistic Wing", an addition situated on the southwest corner of Columbus and Monroe in the early on 21st century.^[12] The project, designed by Pritzker Prize–winning architect Renzo Pianoforte, was completed and officially opened to the public on May 16, 2009. The 264,000-square-human foot (24,500 thou²) building addition made the Fine art Constitute the second-largest fine art museum in the United States. The building houses the museum's world-renowned collections of 20th and 21st century fine art, specifically modern European painting and sculpture, contemporary art, compages and design, and photography. In its inaugural survey in 2014, travel review website and forum, Tripadvisor, reviewed millions of travelers' surveys and named the Art Found the globe's best museum.^[thirteen]

The museum received perhaps the largest gift of art in its history in 2015.^[14] Collectors Stefan Edlis and Gael Neeson donated a "collection [that] is among the world's greatest groups of postwar Popular art e'er assembled".^[xv] The donation includes works past Andy Warhol, Jasper Johns, Cy Twombly, Jeff Koons, Charles Ray, Richard Prince, Cindy Sherman, Roy Lichtenstein and Gerhard Richter. The museum agreed to continue the donated work on display for at least 50 years.^[fifteen] In June 2018, the museum received a $50 million donation, the largest single appear monetary donation in its history.^[16]

Collection [edit]

The collection of the Art Institute of Chicago encompasses more than five,000 years of human expression from cultures effectually the globe and contains more 300,000 works of art in 11 curatorial departments, ranging from early Japanese prints to the fine art of the Byzantine Empire to contemporary American art. Information technology is principally known for one of the United States' finest collection of paintings produced in Western culture.^{[17] [18]}

African Art and Indian Fine art of the Americas [edit]

The Art Constitute's African Art and Indian Fine art of the Americas collections are on display across two galleries in the south end of the Michigan Artery building. The African collection includes more than than 400 works that span the continent, highlighting ceramics, garments, masks, and jewelry.^[xix]

The Amerindian drove includes Native North American fine art and Mesoamerican and Andean works. From pottery to textiles, the collection brings together a wide array of objects that seek to illustrate the thematic and aesthetic focuses of art spanning the Americas.^[20]

American Fine art [edit]

The Fine art Institute's American Art collection contains some of the best-known works in the American canon, including Edward Hopper'southward Nighthawks, Grant Forest's American Gothic, and Mary Cassatt's The Child's Bath. The collection ranges from colonial silver to modern and gimmicky paintings.

The museum purchased Nighthawks in 1942 for $3,000;^{[21] [22] [23]} its acquisition "launched" the painting into "immense pop recognition".^[24] Considered an "icon of American culture",^{[21] [25]} Nighthawks is mayhap Hopper's most famous painting, as well as one of the most recognizable images in American art.^{[26] [27] [28]} Also well known, American Gothic has been in the museum'south drove since 1930 and was simply loaned exterior of North America for the first time in 2016.^[29] Woods'south painting depicts what has been called "the about famous couple in the globe", a dour, rural-American, father and daughter. It was entered into a contest at the Art Institute in 1930, and although not a favorite of some, it won a medal and was acquired past the museum.^{[30] [31]}

Aboriginal and Byzantine [edit]

The Art Establish's ancient drove spans most 4,000 years of art and history, showcasing Greek, Etruscan, Roman, and Egyptian sculpture, mosaics, pottery, jewelry, glass, and statuary besides as a robust and well-maintained collection of aboriginal coins. At that place are around v,000 works in the drove, offer a comprehensive survey of the aboriginal and medieval Mediterranean world, first with the third millennium B.C. and extending to the Byzantine Empire.^[32] The collection likewise holds the mummy and mummy example of Paankhenamun.^{[33] [34]}

Compages and Design [edit]

The Section of Architecture and Design holds more than 140,000 works, from models to drawings from the 1870s to the present mean solar day. The collection covers landscape architecture, structural engineering, and industrial design, including the works of Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Le Corbusier.^[35]

Asian Art [edit]

The Fine art Institute'south Asian collection spans nearly 5,000 years, including significant works and objects from Cathay, Korea, Nippon, Republic of india, Southeast Asia, and the Nearly and Eye East. There are 35,000 objects in the collection, showcasing bronzes, ceramics, and jades too every bit textiles, screens, woodcuts, and sculptures.^[36] One gallery in particular attempts to mimic the quiet and meditative way in which Japanese screens are traditionally viewed.

European Decorative Arts [edit]

The Art Institute's collection of European decorative arts includes some 25,000 objects of furniture, ceramics, metalwork, glass, enamel, and ivory from 1100 A.D. to the present twenty-four hours. The department contains the i,544 objects in the Arthur Rubloff Paperweight Collection and the 68 Thorne Miniature Rooms–a drove of miniaturized interiors of a ane:12 scale showcasing American, European, and Asian architectural and piece of furniture styles from the Centre Ages to the 1930s (when the rooms were constructed).^[37] Both the paperweights and the Thorne Rooms are located on the ground floor of the museum.

European Painting and Sculpture [edit]

The museum is nearly famous for its collections of Impressionist and Post-Impressionist paintings, widely regarded as one of the finest collections outside of France.^[38] Highlights include more than 30 paintings by Claude Monet, including half-dozen of his Haystacks and a number of H2o Lilies. Likewise in the drove are important works by Pierre-Auguste Renoir such every bit Ii Sisters (On the Terrace), and Gustave Caillebotte's Paris Street; Rainy Day. Mail-Impressionist works include Paul Cézanne's The Handbasket of Apples, and Madame Cézanne in a Yellow Chair. At the Moulin Rouge past Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec is another highlight. The pointillist masterpiece, which too inspired a musical and was famously featured in Ferris Bueller's Solar day Off, Georges Seurat's Lord's day Afternoon on La Grande Jatte—1884, is prominently displayed. Additionally, Henri Matisse'southward Bathers by a River, is an important example of his piece of work. Highlights of not-French paintings of the Impressionist and Post-Impressionist collection include Vincent van Gogh's Bedroom in Arles and Self-portrait, 1887.

In the mid-1930s, the Art Establish received a gift of over one hundred works of art from Annie Swan Coburn ("Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Larned Coburn Memorial Collection"). The "Coburn Renoirs" became the cadre of the Art Institute's Impressionist painting collection.^[39]

The collection likewise includes the Medieval and Renaissance Art, Arms, and Armor holdings, including the George F. Harding Drove of arms and armor,^[40] and three centuries of Former Masters works.^[41]

Modern and Contemporary Fine art [edit]

The museum'south collection of mod and gimmicky fine art was significantly augmented when collectors Stefan Edlis and Gael Neeson gifted twoscore plus master works to the department in 2015.^[42] Pablo Picasso's One-time Guitarist, Henri Matisse'due south Bathers past a River, Constantin Brâncuși's Golden Bird, and René Magritte's Time Transfixed are highlights of the mod galleries, located on the 3rd flooring of the Modernistic Fly.^[43] The contemporary installation, located on the second floor, contains works by Andy Warhol, Cindy Sherman, Cy Twombly, Jackson Pollock, Jasper Johns, and other significant modern and contemporary artists.

Photography [edit]

The Art Institute didn't officially establish a photography collection until 1949, when Georgia O'Keeffe donated a significant portion of the Alfred Stieglitz collection to the museum.^[44] Since and so, the museum's drove has grown to approximately 20,000 works spanning the history of the artform from its inception in 1839 to the nowadays.

Prints and Drawings [edit]

The print and drawings collection began with a donation by Elizabeth South. Stickney of 460 works in 1887, and was organized into its own department of the museum in 1911.^[45] Their holdings have subsequently grown to xi,500 drawings and sixty,000 prints, ranging from 15th-century works to contemporary. The collection contains a strong group of the works of Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Francisco Goya, and James McNeill Whistler. Because works on newspaper are sensitive to light and degrade quickly, the works are on brandish infrequently in order to proceed them in good condition for as long as possible.

Textiles [edit]

The Department of Textiles has more 13,000 textiles and 66,000 sample swatches in total, covering an array of cultures from 300 B.C. to the present. From English language needlework to Japanese garments to American quilts, the drove presents a diverse group of objects, including contemporary works and fiber fine art.^[46]

Architecture [edit]

Michigan Avenue entrance today

A postcard of the Art Institute dated 1907

The current building at 111 Southward Michigan Avenue is the third address for the Art Institute. It was designed in the Beaux-Arts fashion past Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge of Boston^[47] for the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition as the World's Congress Auxiliary Edifice with the intent that the Fine art Institute occupy the space after the fair airtight.

The Fine art Constitute'due south famous western entrance on Michigan Artery is guarded by two bronze lion statues created by Edward Kemeys. The lions were unveiled on May 10, 1894, each weighing more than two tons. The sculptor gave them unofficial names: the south lion is "stands in an mental attitude of disobedience", and the northward lion is "on the prowl". When a Chicago sports team plays in the championships of their respective league (i.due east. the Super Bowl or Stanley Loving cup Finals, not the unabridged playoffs), the lions are often dressed in that team's uniform. Evergreen wreaths are placed around their necks during the Christmas season.

The e entrance of the museum is marked by the stone arch entrance to the old Chicago Stock Exchange. Designed by Louis Sullivan in 1894, the Exchange was torn downwardly in 1972, only salvaged portions of the original trading room were brought to the Fine art Institute and reconstructed.

The Art Institute building has the unusual belongings of straddling open-air railroad tracks. Ii stories of gallery space connect the east and west buildings while the Metra Electric and South Shore lines operate beneath. The lower level of gallery space was formerly the windowless Gunsaulus hall, merely is now domicile to the Alsdorf Galleries showcasing Indian, Southeast Asian and Himalayan Art. During renovation, windows facing north toward Millennium Park were added. The gallery space was designed by Renzo Piano in conjunction with his design of the Modernistic Wing and features the same window screening used in that location to protect the art from directly sunlight. The upper level formerly held the modern European galleries, but was renovated in 2008 and now features the Impressionist and Mail service-Impressionist galleries.

Libraries [edit]

Located on the ground floor of the museum is the Ryerson & Burnham Libraries. The Libraries' collections cover all periods of art, but is about known for its extensive collection of 18th to 20th century compages. Information technology serves the museum staff, college and university students, and is too open to the general public. The Friends of the Libraries, a back up group for the Libraries, offers events and special tours for its members.

Modern Fly [edit]

Fine art Institute of Chicago Modernistic Fly

On May 16, 2009, the Art Constitute opened the Modern Wing, the largest expansion in the museum'due south history.^[48] The 264,000-foursquare-foot (24,500 m²) addition, designed by Renzo Pianoforte, makes the Art Institute the second-largest museum in the United states of america.^[4] The architect of record in the City of Chicago for this building was Interactive Design.^[49] The Mod Wing is habitation to the museum's collection of early on 20th-century European art, including Pablo Picasso'southward The Old Guitarist, Henri Matisse's Bathers by a River, and René Magritte'due south Time Transfixed. The Lindy and Edwin Bergman Collection of Surrealist art includes the largest public display of Joseph Cornell'due south works (37 boxes and collages).^[50] The Wing also houses gimmicky art from subsequently 1960; new photography, video media, architecture and design galleries including original renderings by Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe and Bruce Goff; temporary exhibition space; shops and classrooms; a cafe and a restaurant, Terzo Piano, that overlooks Millennium Park from its terrace.^[51] In addition, the Nichols Bridgeway connects a sculpture garden on the roof of the new wing with the adjacent Millennium Park to the north and a courtyard designed by Gustafson Guthrie Nichol. In 2009, the Modern Wing won at the Chicago Innovation Awards.^[52]

Selections from the permanent collection [edit]

Notation that other notable works are in the collection but the following examples are ones in the public domain and for which pictures are available. In 2018, as it redesigned its website, the Art Institute released 52,438 of its public domain works, under the Artistic Commons Zilch (CC0) licence.^[53]

Paintings [edit]

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Paul Cézanne, The Bay of Marseilles, view from L'Estaque, 1885

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Pablo Picasso, 1904, Woman with a Helmet of Pilus, gouache on tan woods pulp lath

• 

• 

• 

  Kazimir Malevich, Painterly Realism of a Football Thespian—Color Masses in the fourth Dimension, 1915

• 

• 

Sculptures [edit]

• 

More than highlights from the drove [edit]

• 

  One of the Thorne Miniature Rooms, c. 1930s

• 

  Pieces from the porcelain collection in the Art Found of Chicago

• 

  Museum hall

Governance [edit]

Attendance [edit]

During 2009, attendance was around 2 million—up 33 percent from 2008—in addition to a full of approximately 100,000 museum memberships. Despite a 25 percent boost in museum admission fees, the Modernistic Fly was a major catalyst for a rise in visitor traffic.^[54]

Finances [edit]

Equally of 2011, the Art Institute continues to rebuild its $783 million endowment since the recession.^[55] In June 2008, its endowment was $827 million. As of 2012, the museum is rated A1 by Moody's, its 5th-highest grade, in part reflecting the museum's alimony and retirement liabilities; Standard & Poor'south rates the museum A+, fifth-best. In Oct 2012, the Fine art Institute sold about $100 1000000 of taxable and tax-exempt bonds partly to shore up unfunded pension obligations.^[56]

The $294 million extension in 2009 was the culmination of a $385 million fundraising campaign—roughly $300 million for design and construction and $85 million for the endowment. Around $370 million were raised primarily from private patrons in Chicago.^[57] In 2011, the Art Plant received a $10 million souvenir from the Jaharis Family Foundation to renovate and expand galleries devoted to Greek, Roman and Byzantine fine art, as well as to support acquisitions and special exhibitions of that art.^[58]

Acquisitions and deaccessioning [edit]

In 1990, the Fine art Institute of Chicago sold 11 works at auction, including paintings past Claude Monet, Pablo Picasso, Amedeo Modigliani, Maurice Utrillo and Edgar Degas, to raise the $12 one thousand thousand purchase price of a bronze sculpture, Golden Bird, by Constantin Brâncuși. At the fourth dimension, the sculpture was owned past the Arts Gild of Chicago, which was selling it to buy a new gallery for its other works.^[59] In 2005, the museum sold two paintings by Marc Chagall and Auguste Renoir at Sotheby's.^[60] In 2011, information technology auctioned two Picassos (Sur l'impériale traversant la Seine (1901) and Verre et pipe (1919)), Henri Matisse'due south Femme au fauteuil (1919), and Georges Braque'south Nature morte à la guitare (rideaux rouge) (1938) at Christie's in London.^{[61] [62]}

Directors [edit]

• William Chiliad.R. French (1885–1914)
• Newton Carpenter (1914–1916)
• George Eggers (1918–1921)
• Robert Harshe (1921–1938)
• Daniel Catton Rich (1938–1958)
• Allen McNab (1956–1965)
• Charles Cunningham (1965–1972)
• Due east. Laurence Chalmers (1972–1986)
• James Northward. Forest (1980–2004)
• James Cuno (2004–2011)
• Douglas Druick (2011–2016)
• James Rondeau (2016–present)

Controversy [edit]

Management of investments dispute [edit]

In 2002, the Fine art Establish of Chicago filed suit alleging fraud by a small Dallas firm chosen Integral Investment Management, along with related parties. The museum, which put $43 one thousand thousand of its endowment into funds run by the defendants, claimed that it faced losses of upward to 90% on the investments after they soured.^[63]

Structure disputes [edit]

In 2010, the twelvemonth after the opening of its massive Modernistic Fly, the Fine art Institute of Chicago sued the engineering business firm Ove Arup for $ten one thousand thousand over what it said were flaws in the concrete floors and air-circulation systems. The conform was settled out of court.^{[64] [65]}

Docent programme diversity dispute [edit]

In 2021, the Art Found ended its unpaid volunteer docents program to movement to a paid model. The Chicago Tribune editorial page criticized the Intitute's letter of the alphabet announcing the change and the motion to a new model, arguing that "[o]nce you cut through the blather, the letter basically said the museum had looked critically at its corps of docents, a group dominated by more often than not (but not entirely) white, retired women with some fourth dimension to spare, and plant them wanting equally a demographic."^[66] The Institute's director, Robert M. Levy, responded in a Tribune op-ed supporting the modify, and described the Tribune'south editorial as having "numerous inaccuracies and mischaracterizations", noted that the docent plan had already been largely on interruption for the by xv months due to the COVID pandemic, and argued that the determination was not about anyone'south identity, it was in keeping with changing modern museum practices effectually the world.^[67]

Post-obit a volunteerism surge in the tardily 1940s, the program had been created in 1961 to revitalize and expand "programming for children."^[68] Amongst other matters, since 2014 the programme had been trying to concenter a more than diverse socioeconomic perspective prepare of art-bout guides, given the unpaid time commitment needed.^[69]

In pop culture [edit]

Director John Hughes included a sequence in the Art Constitute in his 1986 motion picture Ferris Bueller'due south Day Off, which is set in Chicago. During information technology the characters are shown viewing A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. Hughes had start visited the Institute as a "refuge" while in high school. Hughes' commentary on the sequence was used as a reference betoken by announcer Hadley Freeman in a discussion of the Republican presidential primary candidates in 2011.^[71]

The paintings used in the 1970 Parker Brothers board game Masterpiece are works held in the Art Institute's collection.^{[72] [ non-primary source needed ]}

See likewise [edit]

• American University of Art
• Bessie Bennett, early on 20th century Curator of Decorative Art
• Forest Idyll
• List of most-visited museums in the U.s.
• List of museums and cultural institutions in Chicago
• Alme Meyvis
• Visual arts of Chicago

References [edit]

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2. ^ Art Newspaper List of About-Visited Art museums, 31 March 2021
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External links [edit]

• Official website
• Art Institute's Impressionistic collection, YouTube

ruarkconestrat.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Institute_of_Chicago

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